Updated at 23 Jun 2026
This IARC Monographs volume assesses the carcinogenic risks of static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. ELF magnetic fields, from power lines and appliances, are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Static fields are not classifiable for carcinogenicity (Group 3).
Static electric and magnetic fields, as well as low-frequency fields, are produced by
both natural and man-made sources. The natural fields are static or very slowly varying.
The electric field in the air above the earth’s surface is typically 100 V/m but during
strong electric storms may increase 10-fold or more. The geomagnetic field is typically
50 μT (König et al., 1981). Most man-made sources are at extremely low frequencies.
The generation, transmission, distribution and use of electricity at 50 or 60 Hz result in
widespread exposure of humans to ELF fields of the order of 10–100 V/m and
0.1–1 μT, and occasionally to much stronger fields (National Research Council, 1997;
Portier & Wolfe, 1998; National Radiological Protection Board, 2001). Electrical
power is an integral part of modern civilization. Because ELF fields can interact with
biological systems, interest and concern about potential hazards are understandable.
